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多语言人口学词典 统一的第二版 中文卷

引言

来自Demopædia
Feinuo Sun(讨论 | 贡献)2024年6月12日 (三) 16:47的版本 (→‎Accessing the Open Encyclopedia on Population)
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历史

第一版

1953年,联合国人口委员会要求准备一部多语种人口学词典,国际人口学会(IUSSP)提出合作。1955年,由法国的P. Vincent主持成立了一个特别委员会,负责准备该词典的英文、法文和西班牙文版本。该委员会成员包括:C.E. Dieulefait(阿根廷)、H.F. Dorn(美国)、E. Grebenik(英国)、P. Luzzato-Fegiz(意大利)、M. Pascua(瑞士)和J. Ros Jimeno(西班牙)。该词典的法文和英文版本于1958年出版,西班牙文版本于1959年出版。在此之后到1971年期间还出版了另外十种语言的版本。

第二版

由于20世纪60年代人口学和人口研究的快速发展,1969年人口委员会建议更新多语种人口词典,这一任务再次在与国际人口学会的合作下进行。1972年,在法国P. Paillat的主持下成立了一个新的国际人口术语委员会,并获得了美国人口普查局的财政支持。委员会的其他成员包括:A. Boyarski(苏联)、E. Grebenik(英国)、K. Mayer(瑞士)、J. Nadal(西班牙)和S. Kono(日本)。委员会向约一百个提供意见的人口中心提交了修订稿。1976年,国际人口学会委托L. Henry教授编辑并出版了法文第二版词典。之后E. van de Walle教授受邀将法文第二版译成英文第二版,于1982年出版。最终,第二版将在联合国所有官方语言中发布。

从第二版到Demopædia

多种语言人口学词典系列是人口学历史上最持久也是最富有成效的产品之一,这要归功于各国学者们的工作和投入,他们将原始的法文或英文版本翻译成了自己的语言。由于这些努力,国际社会今天可以看到14种语言版本的第二版人口学词典。特别感谢N. Brouard编制不同语言版本的已绝版词典和开发基于Wiki的所有词典的网络可访问形式。联合国人口司、国际人口学会和国际人口学会的法国国家委员会都支持这项工作,以使词典内容更容易获取。

为什么用网络形式?

由于多种语言的人口学词典是为各种国家的人提供服务的工具,因此通过互联网访问它们是必不可少的。得益于N. Brouard领导的项目,标准的人口学术语及其含义对于学生、教师、教授、研究人员、政府官员、记者、非政府组织和广大公众而言只有两次点击之遥,而且他们都可以使用自己的语言工作。

功能

访问Demopædia的用户可以查阅不同语言模块,阅读、下载或打印这些模块。所有版权拥有者都使这成为可能。用户可以搜索某个人口学术语,浏览其他链接的术语和表达,或切换到另一种语言或版本。由于每本词典由专题章节组成,术语是按上下文排列的,不仅提供每个术语的定义,还提供相关主题的理解。每个语言模块都有内置索引,方便导航和交叉引用。此外,Wiki平台提供了强大的工具可用于进一步开发。项目的下一阶段将允许专家对第二版进行补充、修订或更正。

接下来是什么?

自上次词典版本发布以来,人口学知识取得了巨大的进步,显然结构和文本都需要更新。用传统的“现场”小组和工作组的形式进行更新几乎不可行。在线开发多语言的人口学词典修订版应该是高效的,并有使专业人士广泛合作的潜力。Demopædia则使这些成为可能。

Demopædia还有潜力成为一个分享和构建更广泛人口学和人口研究知识的平台。我们的愿景是建立一个广泛而不断发展的全球人口百科全书,为世界社区服务,并持续受益于各种想法和文本的涌入。

访问开放的人口学百科全书

每个被定义为多语言人口学词典中的人口学术语或表达的文本术语,都将在开放的人口百科全书中拥有自己的命名页面。

最初的定义来源于两个多语言人口学词典版本之一(如果该段落已被第二版覆盖,则为原始版本),这是多媒体人口百科全书的一个起点。

多语言人口学词典的优势在于其获得了广泛的共识(20世纪50年代早期的联合国术语委员会)并已被翻译成多种语言(约15种语言)。但它的缺点是较为陈旧(法语第二版发表于1981年):一些章节甚至整章内容需要重新撰写。

此外,百科全书通常使用的图表或图片在印刷的多语言人口学词典中缺失,现代百科全书可以是多媒体的,可以提供动画图画或音频文件。

使用维基媒体基金会的免费软件(称为MediaWiki),Demopædia可能与维基百科相同,并遵循相同的规则和限制。

因此,各个URL的语法与任何维基百科站点相似,即通过保留语言的两个字母缩写:http://en.demopaedia.org/wiki/Fertility。

此外,Demopædia的wiki语法与维基百科语法完全相同。

For a unified second edition of the dictionaries as an intermediate step

Since the training in Marrakech, a lot of work has been done to improve the quality of the scanned texts. Specific computer programs using parsers have cross checked the texts of the first and second editions in about 12 to 13 languages in order to detect the missing text terms in one or another language.

The first analysis of this work revealed that the second edition is not as rigorous as the first was. The first edition was the result of the Commission on terminology during the mid 50's, but the second was first revised in French in 1981 and translated and adapted to English in 1982 and to Spanish in 1985, German in 1987 etc. up to Czech in 2005.

Some terms, expressions and even complete paragraphs have not been translated into English, but in Spanish, Arabic, German etc.. And a few sentences and paragraphs have been added into the English second edition but never translated into the French second edition which was already published. Also the Spanish second edition added a few new text terms which are not translated into any other language but Arabic.

The German second edition (1987) defined a lot of more modern text terms which haven't been translated in any other language.

The current proposition (February 2010) to the Demopædia team is to discuss the opportunity of an harmonized or unified second edition before opening the Open Encyclopedia.

Editions, published after 1987, did not add any new term and thus a natural limit is 1987 (German) but harmonization between the three languages of the IUSSP could be an important step.

In many language-specific editions, the numbering of the text terms differed (even between French and English) most of the time due to errors but sometimes because a text term was not translated. The advantage of the technical work is to highlight the missing text terms in order to decide if the word is not used in this language or if it is an omission.


Videos for the Harmonization process

The harmonization process concerns all the modules which have been published in the past (up to 2005 for the Czech volume). But the most urgent work concerns (October 2012) the English harmonization because the new Asian modules (Indonesian, Korean, Malay, Nepali, Thai and Vietnamese) need such a final English harmonized edition because their translation is uniquely based on the English volume.

At the Third Demopaedia Workshop that took place in Chiang Mai (30 August-1st September), the six new Asian teams (13 demographers) have been trained to the Wiki technology as well as to some specificities of the Multilingual Demographic Dictionary on Demopaedia.

The videos that you can find at the subpages Demopaedia:Videos/Harmonization are a short summary of some of the training sessions. The creation of video is an on going process too. And probably many more videos will be added in the future.

The first videos explain how to login if you are a professional demographer (most important step) and how to participate to the harmonization process by different steps and approaches. If you want to participate or send us comments , you can contact us at http://tools.demopaedia.org/brd-bin/mel?contact .

When will the “Open Encyclopedia” site be open?

The Demopædia site was first opened for the International Conference on Population in Marrakesh in early October 2009 where a first training co-organized with the Population Division of the United Nations and the French Committee of the IUSSP has been proposed to participants.

The Open Encyclopedia will be opened after the harmonization process. It will be opened only to the members of the IUSSP association . Once the various tools in order to fight against spammers and vandalism will be installed, the site will, hopefully, be opened to any specialist in Population Studies.



引言 | 序言 | 索引
章| 基本概念 索引 1 | 人口统计资料的加工整理 索引 2 | 人口的分布和分类 索引 3 | 死亡和患病 索引 4 | 结婚 索引 5 | 出生 索引 6 | 人口增长和更替 索引 7 | 空间流动 索引 8 | 人口学的经济方面和社会方面 索引 9
节号| 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 63 | 70 | 71 | 72 | 73 | 80 | 81 | 90 | 91 | 92 | 93